何以加拿大1989外交密檔未受矚目? 似乎與紐約時報“網上論壇”2015年1月29日那一篇報道有關。該報道署名Austin Ramzy，對於解密檔案中的六四大屠殺細節一筆略過，主要篇幅用於否認1989年中共政治局高官企圖向瑞士銀行轉移存款。其文曰: Erwin Schurtenberger, 1988年4月至1995年4月任瑞士駐中國大使，謂中共控制嚴密，他本人及各國使節在1989危機期間並無機會接觸高官。Schurtenberger並在電郵中寫道，聲稱中共高官曾詢問他轉移存款之事“聼來荒謬”。(...the Swiss ambassador to China from April 1988 to April 1995, said that stringent political controls meant that he and other foreign envoys never had such access to high-level figures before or during the 1989 crisis. In an email interview he wrote that the assertion that he was approached to discuss transferring funds abroad “sounds absurd.”)
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42465516 Tiananmen Square protest death toll 'was 10,000' December 23 2017
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/secret-british-cable-put-tiananmen-death-toll-at-10-000-mxjxggrqt Secret British cable put Tiananmen death toll at 10,000 David Rankin December 23 2017
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable from the time alleged Adam Lusher Saturday 23 December 2017
https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/tianmen-revelations-12212017131357.html Chinese Army 'Spared No-one' in 1989 Mass Killings in Beijing: UK cables Reported by Lin Ping for RFA's Mandarin Service. Translated and edited by Luisetta Mudie. 2017-12-21
https://www.dw.com/en/secret-cable-10000-killed-in-chinas-1989-tiananmen-crackdown/a-41918713 Secret cable: 10,000 killed in China's 1989 Tiananmen crackdown Shamil Shams (with Agence France Presse AFP) Date 23.12.2017
對2015年加拿大國立圖書暨檔案館解密1989外交密檔之新聞報道
https://www.blacklocks.ca/embassy-feared-1989-chinese-raid-say-confidential-memos/ Embassy Feared 1989 Chinese Raid Say Confidential Memos Blacklock's Reporter – Minding Ottawa's Business Tom Korski Monday, January 26, 2015
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11372052/Fresh-details-of-savage-Tiananmen-massacre-emerge-in-embassy-cables.html Fresh details of 'savage' Tiananmen massacre emerge in embassy cables By Tom Phillips, Shanghai 1:54PM GMT 27 Jan 2015
https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/secrets-01292015144655.html Victim's Mother Hits Out at Foreign Governments Over Tiananmen Secrets Reported by Hai Nan for RFA's Cantonese Service, and by Xin Lin for the Mandarin Service. Translated and written in English by Luisetta Mudie. 2015-01-29
https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/canadian-diplomatic-cables-from-1989-offer-new-detail-and-questions-on-tiananmen/ 1989 Cables Offer New Detail, and Questions, on Tiananmen BY AUSTIN RAMZY JANUARY 29, 2015
On the tenth of October, first year of Emperor Mu-zong (821AD), a treaty was entered with the minister from Tibet. Our prime minister, ministers of the imperial secretariat, the imperial ombudsman, the minister of rites, the minister of granaries, the minister of the imperial capital, general of the imperial capital’s guard all attended the ceremony. The treaty read:
...... On this earth and under the heaven, folks are in want of governance. When governance is lacking, folks engage in mutual destruction. In the central domain, Tang is the sole realm. In the west terrain, great Tibet is the sovereign. From this day forward, arms shall be laid down, old feud shall be let rest, division shall be let go. The uncle nephew’s bond shall be renewed, the alliance shall be revived. Fortification at the border shall be relaxed, smoke signals shall be extinguished. Help shall be extended in calamities, raids and pillage shall cease. Watchtowers and barricades shall be disentangled, cross border intrusions shall end. Vital routes and main passages, shall be guarded as in the past. One side shall not commit treachery, nor shall it need to worry about the other’s betrayal. Oh! Loving the folks is called mercy, respecting the border is called honor, fearing the heaven is called wisdom, revering the deities is called humility. When one of these is lacking, calamity may strike. Where the mountain is imposing, where the river is majestic, on this auspicious day, at this opportune time, offerings are made, to these two lands. In the west is the great Tibet, in the east is the vast Tang. We the ministers having been given the decree, make this proclamation to the sunset direction.
Earlier, Tsenpo of the great Tibet and his prime minister Zhang-Bro-sTag sent main clauses of the treaty, which stated:
The two countries of Tibet and Han, each is to safeguard its own territory. There shall be no aggression or invasion, no animosity or hostility, no incursion or intrusion. If some person is suspected, or arrested and interrogated, such person shall be then let return (to his own country) and given necessary clothes and food.
These were all accepted, without addition or alteration.
Stone lion on burial mound of King Ralpachan in Chyongye valley
(In the seventeenth year of Emperor Xuan-zong or 729AD)
Tibet then requested opening of horse market in Chi-ling, and trading post in Gan-song-ling. Prime minister Pei Guang-ting advised:
Gan-song-ling is China’s defense line. It’s better to concede Chi-ling.
Chi-ling was thus conceded to be the border. To mark the border a great stela was erected, onto which the treaty was carved. Tibet then requested the Five Classics. An emperor’s edict was given instructing the secretariat to copy these. Li Hao, the minister of works, was sent (to Tibet), bringing tens of thousands of gifts bestowed. Tibet also sent back a commissioner expressing its thankfulness. The commissioner relayed:
Tang and Tibet are both great powers. The current treaty is for the sake of enduring peace. To avoid hostility being reignited by unsanctioned deeds of minor border officials, (we) request that emperor’s messengers be sent to make the peace treaty known to all.
The emperor thus instructed Li Quan-jian, general of the imperial capital’s guard, and Zhang Shou-gui together with general Li Xing-wei, also the commissioner from Tibet, to inform prefectures and counties to the south of Jian-men pass and to the west of the Yellow river, saying:
From now on the two countries are in peace and amity. No more incursions or violence shall be allowed.
原文(三)
《宋史》卷492 列傳251 外國8 – 吐蕃唃廝囉 董氊 阿里骨 瞎征 趙思忠
譯文(三)
《Book of Song》 Volume 492 Biographies 251 Foreign countries 8 – Tibet; Tsongkha
A monk named Sonam Gyatso, who knew the past and future, was called a living Buddha. Altan Khan also paid homage to him. In the seventh year of Emperor Shen-zong (1579AD), Altan Khan invaded the Oirats to the west, in the name of a pilgrimage to the living Buddha. He suffered a military defeat and the monk counselled him against committing further killing and entreated him to return to the east. Altan Khan also persuaded this monk to contact China. Thus the monk wrote from Gan-zhou (i.e. Amdo) to (prime minister) Zhang Ju-zheng, self-proclaimed as Śākyamuni Bhikkhu, requested to become a tributary state, and sent gifts. (Prime minister) Zhang Ju-zheng dared not to accept the request, and relayed it to the emperor. The emperor decreed it to be accepted and gave it the status of the tributary state. From then on, China also learnt the existence of the living Buddha. This monk had special abilities that earned him veneration. All the outlying regions followed his teachings. Even the Karmapa and kings of the Phagmodrupa all devoted themselves to him as his disciples. From that point on, all the west became devotees to this monk, thus the many princes held their titles only in name, but could no longer give orders.
《Draft History of Qing》 Volume 525 Biographies 312
In the fourth year of Emperor Tai-zong (1640AD), the emperor sent his ambassador to carry a letter to the khan of Tibet and the Dalai Lama. The letter read:
The classics bequeathed by the ancients, I wish not for their lost or discontinuation. Therefore I sent my ambassador to extend my invitation.
The invitation did not come to fruition due to the Gorkha rescinding their words. Güshi Khan then wrote to the Dalai Lama, the Panchen Lama, and the Khan of Tsangpa once again, proposing all sides to send their ambassadors and tributes. The Dalai Lama, the Panchen Lama, the Khan of Tsangpa and Güshi Khan thus sent (?) Khutuktu carrying gifts and a letter, addressing Emperor Tai-zong as Emperor Manjushri. Manjushri’s meaning in Chinese was auspice. When the ambassador arrived at Mukden, Emperor Tai-zong, leading the prince-ministers, humbly greeted the ambassador at the Huai-yuan Gate. His majesty raised from the throne, waited the ambassador at the gate, and received the letter from the ambassador while standing, then greeted the ambassador by holding his hands. Then his majesty took the throne, arranged a seat to the right side of the throne for the ambassador, asked him to sit down, bequeathed him tea, and held a magnificent feast at the Chong-zheng palace, which was followed by a banquet once every five days. Princes were instructed by the emperor to attend these banquets to honour the guest. The ambassador remained for more than eight months before returning. In the eighth year of Emperor Tai-zong (1644AD), the emperor wrote to the Dalai Lama, saying:
The benevolent merciful holy emperor of the great Qing empire wrote to Vajradhara the diamond Buddha Dalai Lama. Basking in your Lama’s vow to save and benefit all sentient beings, your desire to invigorate and spread the Buddhist dharma, and your commissioning of an ambassador carrying your letter, my heart is full of joy. I humbly wish your good health and auspice. I’ve instructed (?) to convey the rest of my words.
The emperor also sent letters to the Panchen Lama and Red Hat Lama Tatsag Khutuktu, following the same formalities. This is the beginning of the friendly relationship with Tibet.
It’s revealed that Zhong Ying was the nephew of Yi Gu, who was on the death row during the Manchurian Qing era. Zhong Ying was unlettered and unqualified, unscrupulous and unbecoming. When previously acting as a lieutenant in Si-chuan, he was known for being an impatient tyrant. Due to stealing public money, he was assailed relentlessly in the public opinion. Running out of means, he recruited a few thousand unemployed and thugs from Si-chuan, organised them into an army unit, and led it into Tibet. After this unit arrived in Tibet, due to its lack of military education, it acted in rogue and undisciplined ways. Committing rapes and robberies at will, it stopped at no moral boundaries. There was not one Tibetan who did not loathe them with a passion.
《On the Republic of China》(published in 1907) by Zhang Bing-lin
Tibet and Altishahr, were subjected to empty claims of suzerainty in the Ming era. In the old Han era, while the thirty six countries were subjected to the Protectorate of the western regions, they were client states, not Chinese territory. In addition, there are differences between today’s Altishahr and the thirty six countries. As for Mongolia, it has never acknowledged Chinese superiority throughout history.
......
Therefore, considering the border of the Republic of China, the two prefectures of Vietnam and Korea should certainly return. The protected state of Burma is of secondary importance. As for the barren countries of Tibet, Altishahr and Mongolia, it should be up to them to make decisions on joining or leaving.
17 March 1959 Thousands of Tibetan women surround the Potala Palace, the main residence of the Dalai Lama, to protest against Chinese rule and repression in Lhasa, Tibet. Hours later, fighting broke out and the Dalai Lama was forced to flee to safety in India
《Attaining Nationalist Goals and Defending International Peace》– speech made while presiding over the joint session of the Kuomintang central standing committee and the national defense headquarters. August 24, 1945 – 《Complete Collection of President Chiang Kai-shek’s Views and Words》Volume 21
Today on behalf of the comrades of this party, I would, following the teachings of the founding father (Sun Yat-sen), make some clarification on our direction in dealing with nations at the border region, which is outside the provinces – in another word, our direction in dealing with the nationality question of outer-Mongolia and Tibet. We the Kuomintang of China, since our restructure in the thirteenth year of the Republic (1924AD), outer-Mongolia had sent their congratulatory delegation. Our founding father received them following protocols fit for important visiting dignitaries, and never had the idea or attitude of treating them as tributary states, unlike the Bei-yang government which adopted an oppressive colonialist posture. Since the formation of our national government, not only it extended such friendship to outer-Mongolia, but also to Tibet in the same manner. Our fellow countrymen must know, if we ignore these nations’ will to acquire freedom and equality, if we subdue their ability to achieve independence or autonomy, not only is this contradictory to the spirit of our national revolution, but it will also add troubles to the relationship among various nationalities in our country, hinder on our century-long nation building process, and affect world peace and security.
......
As regards the political status of Tibet, it’s also a long-lasting question. I solemnly declare that if the Tibetans should at this time express a wish of self-government, our government would, in conformity with our sincere tradition, accord it a very high degree of autonomy. If in the future they fulfil the economic requirement for Independence, the national government will, as in the case of outer-Mongolia, help them to attain that status. But Tibet must be able to consolidate its independence and protect its continuity so as not to become another Korea.
《Statement to Tibetan Brethren》March 26, 1959 – 《Complete Collection of President Chiang Kai-shek’s Views and Words》Volume 33
Your uprising against the violent Chinese Communist Party (CCP) regime, was not only for the survival of the Tibetan nation as whole, for the liberty of individual Tibetans, and a demonstration of your dauntless spirit, but also a courageous pioneer for every nation and every religion in free Asia defending their liberty and security. Therefore all freedom loving and fair-minded countries and peoples in the world stand together with you, support you, and pray for your triumph! We the government of the Republic of China, always respect Tibet’s existing political and social structure, safeguard Tibetan people’s freedom of religion and traditional free life. I now make this further declaration solemnly, as to the future political system and political status of Tibet, once the rogue pretender (CCP) regime is overthrown, so that the Tibetan people are able to express their wills freely, my government shall realize your wishes, based on the principle of self-determination.
